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Applies to:

SAP Netweaver PI based SFTP Adapters

Summary

The following sections briefly describe the steps to create SSH key pairs which can be used as an alternative for password based authentication. It also includes steps to verify key based authentication and import the keys in NWA key storage. It mainly foucses on creating PKCS12 Keys from OpenSSH Keys.

Author(s):

Sivasubramaniam Arunachalam

Company: SAP Labs
Created on: 30-Dec-2011
Author(s) Bio
Sivasubramaniam Arunachalam is a senior developer at SAP Labs (Technology Innovation Platform). He is currently occupied with PI 7.31 development/maintenace activities. Since Sivasubramaniam joined SAP Labs in July 2010, he has developed new features in several adapters/areas including File, JDBC, IDoc, SOAP/XI, HTTP, JPR, B2B(RNIF 1.1/2.0, CIDX & PIDX) Adapters, XML Validation and Mapping Runtime. Currently, he is the component responsible for File, JDBC, B2B Adapters and XML Validation and takes care of all new development, enhancement and maintenance activities.
Table of Contents

Tools Required

• PuTTY Key Generator
• PuTTY
• Open SSL Utility
• SSH Key Generator
• Cygwin(for Windows Users) with the following packages
  • OpenSSL
  • SSH

Keys to be Generated

• Public Key (OpenSSH Format)
• Private Key (Putty Format)
• Private Key (PEM)
• Public Key (X.509 Certificate)
• Private Key (PKCS 12)

Use PuTTY Key Generator to Create SSH Public/Private Keys

• Download PuTTYgen.exe from http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html
• Select SSH2-RSA as a key type

• Click on 'Generate' and move your mouse cursor in 'Key' section to generate the keys based on random mouse move co-ordinates.

• After the required mouse movements, it will generate the random key

• Click 'Save public key' and save it as 'public_key' name

• It will look like below

• Click 'Save private key' and save it as 'private_key.ppk' name

• It will look like below

• Leave Passphrase fields as blank and Select Conversions -> Export OpenSSH key

• Ignore the warning by choosing 'Yes'

What S Key Generations Inf Ro Mean

• Save it under 'private_key.pem' name

• It will look like below

• The following keys are created

Use Open SSL to Create X.509 and P12 Certificates

• If you are in windows, use Cygwin
• Navigate to the location where the keys generated above are stored
• Create the X509 certificate from the private key

• It will look like below

• Create the PKCS type 12 Keystore

• Provide the password (which will be used in channel configuration)

• The created key would be in encrypted (binary) form

Import the Private Key into NWA Key Store

• Open the nwa key store and create a new view called SFTP_TEST

• Click on 'Import Entry' and select the generated p12 file

• After import, verify the entries.

Configure the Public Key in SSH Server

• Copy the public key in to SSH Server via SFTP

• Login to SSH server verify the copied public key

• Since the public key does not have any permissions, change it to 400 (for read)

• Use ssh-keygen tool to create openSSH format public key

• Add the created openSSH public key to authorized_keys filles

• Check the permissions of .ssh folder and authorized_keys file for access permissions

Verify the Key Pairs with PuTTY

• Now, the key based authentication can be verified with PuTTY.
• Enter the host name and port

• Select the private key (.ppk)

• Confirm the Security alert

• If the configuration is correct, the connection will be established successfully

The concept of four 'generations' in the history of modern warfare was created by a team of United States analysts, including William S. Lind,^[1] for the purpose of an argument for 'the changing face of war' entering into a 'fourth generation'.

• First-generation warfare refers to Ancient and Post-classical battles fought with massed manpower, using phalanx, line and column tactics with uniformed soldiers governed by the state.
• Second-generation warfare is the Early modern tactics used after the invention of the rifled musket and breech-loading weapons and continuing through the development of the machine gun and indirect fire. The term second generation warfare was created by the U.S. military in 1989.
• Third-generation warfare focuses on using Late modern technology-derived tactics of leveraging speed, stealth and surprise to bypass the enemy's lines and collapse their forces from the rear. Essentially, this was the end of linear warfare on a tactical level, with units seeking not simply to meet each other face to face but to outmaneuver each other to gain the greatest advantage.
• Fourth-generation warfare as presented by Lind et al. is characterized by a 'post-modern' return to decentralized forms of warfare, blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants and civilians due to nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times.

First generation[edit]

In 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War, the Treaty of Westphalia gave a practical sovereignty to the German states, which until then were semi-independent components of the Holy Roman Empire. This more firmly established the sovereignty of the nation-state, which meant, among other things, that governments would have exclusive rights to organize and maintain their own militaries. Before this time, many armies and nations were controlled by religious orders and many wars were fought in mêlée combat, or subversively through bribery and assassination. The first generation of modern warfare was intended to create a straightforward and orderly means of waging war.^[2]

Alternatively, it has been argued that the Peace of Westphalia did not solidify the power of the nation-state, but that the Thirty Years' War itself ushered in an era of large-scale combat that was simply too costly for smaller mercenary groups to carry out on their own. According to this theory, smaller groups chose to leave mass combat—and the expenses associated with it—in the domain of the nation-state.^[3]

The increased accuracy and speed of the rifled musket and the breech-loader marks the end of first generation warfare; the concept of vast lines of soldiers meeting face to face became impractical due to the heavy casualties that could be sustained. Because these technologies were adopted gradually throughout the Americas and Europe, the exact end of the first generation of modern warfare depends on the region, but all world powers had moved on by the latter half of the 19th century.^[2]

In order to create a more controlled environment for warfare a military culture was developed that, in many ways, is still visible in the armed forces of today. Specially crafted uniforms set soldiers apart from the general populace.

What S Key Generations Inf Rom

An elaborate structure of rank was developed to better organize men into units. /generate-rsa-pubic-key-openssl.html. Rules for military drill were perfected, allowing line and column maneuvers to be executed with more precision, and to increase the rate of fire in battle.

Control of media information release during the war and production of counterfeit money in order to devaluate enemy's economy were used for the first time during Napoleonic wars.

Examples:

Second generation[edit]

In the 19th century, the invention of the breech-loading rifled musket meant longer range, greater accuracy, and faster rate of fire. Marching ranks of men straight into a barrage of fire from such weapons would cause tremendous rates of casualties, so a new strategy was developed.

Second generation warfare still maintained lines of battle but focused more on the use of technology to allow smaller units of men to maneuver separately. These smaller units allowed for faster advances, less concentrated casualties, and the ability to use cover and concealment to advantage.^[2]To some degree, these concepts have remained in use even as the next generations have arisen, so the end of the second generation is not as clearly defined as that of the first. The development of the blitzkrieg highlighted some of the flaws of static firing positions and slow-moving infantry, so this can be considered the beginning of the end for the second generation, at least as the dominant force in military strategy.

The contributions of the second generation were responses to technological development. The second generation saw the rise of trench warfare, artillery support, more advanced reconnaissance techniques, extensive use of camouflage uniforms, radio communications, and fireteam maneuvers.

Examples:

Third generation[edit]

The use of blitzkrieg during the German invasion of France first demonstrated the power of speed and maneuverability over static artillery positions and trench defenses. Through the use of tanks, mechanized infantry, and close air support, the Germans were able to quickly break through linear defenses and capture the rear.

The emphasis on maneuvering and speed to bypass enemy engagement remains a common strategy throughout the world, and collapsing an enemy's defenses by striking at deeper targets is—in a somewhat different way—a major strategy in fourth generation warfare.^[2]

The contributions of the third generation were based on the concept of overcoming technological disadvantage through the use of clever strategy. As linear fighting came to an end, new ways of moving faster began to appear.

The emphasis on mobility moved from heavy armor to greater speed, the development of the helicopter allowed insertions in hostile territory, and advanced missile technology allowed forces to bypass enemy defenses and strike at targets from great distances.The speed inherent in these methods necessitated a greater degree of independence allowed to the units on the front lines.

Greater trust needed to be placed in junior officers commanding sub-units by higher-ranking officers—a belief that they could adequately achieve their objectives without micromanagement from higher ranking commanders in command headquarters.

Smaller units were allowed greater decision flexibility to deal with changing situations on the ground, rather than have decisions made for them by commanders who were distant from the front. This began to break down the regimented culture of order that was so important in previous theoretical eras of military command and control.

Examples:

Fourth generation[edit]

Fourth-generation warfare is characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, combatants and civilians. The term was first used in 1989 by a team of United States analysts, including William S. Lind, to describe warfare's return to a decentralized form. In terms of generational modern warfare, the fourth generation signifies the nation states' loss of their near-monopoly on combat forces, returning to modes of conflict common in pre-modern times.

The simplest definition includes any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent non-state actor. Classical examples, such as the slave uprising under Spartacus or the mercenary uprising that occurred in Carthage after the first Punic War, predate the modern concept of warfare and are examples of this type of conflict.

Fourth generation warfare is defined as conflicts which involve the following elements:

• Are complex and long term
• Terrorism (tactic)
• A non-national or transnational base – highly decentralized
• A direct attack on the enemy's core ideals
• Highly sophisticated psychological warfare, especially through media manipulation and lawfare
• All available pressures are used – political, economic, social and military
• Occurs in low intensity conflict, involving actors from all networks
• Non-combatants are tactical dilemmas
• Lack of hierarchy
• Small in size, spread out network of communication and financial support
• Use of insurgency and guerrilla tactics

Fifth generation[edit]

Quoting US Army Major Shannon Beebe author David Axe wrote in Wired (magazine) in 2009, 'fifth-generation as a vortex of violence, a free-for-all of surprise destruction motivated more by frustration than by any coherent plans for the future. 5GW is what happens when the world’s disaffected direct their desperation at the most obvious symbol of everything they lack.” He quotes Marine Lt Col Stanton Coerr, for Marine Corps Gazette: “5GW is… espoused by [the likes of] al Qaeda… with aspirations of setting up alternative political systems… they’re opportunists, intent only on destruction. But even pointless violence can have a perverse logic, for the sudden, irrational destruction undermines the idea that nations… are viable in the modern world.'^[4][5]

Information warfare to accomplish strategic, operational and tactical objectives without doing any measurable damage which target can identify is an important aspect of 5GW where the target may not even know it has been attacked and that the adversary has already won.^[5]

References[edit]

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1. ^Lind, William S.; Nightengale, Keith; Schmitt, John F.; Sutton, Joseph W.; Wilson, Gary I. (October 1989), 'The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation', Marine Corps Gazette, pp. 22–26
2. ^ ^abcdLind, William S. (January 15, 2004), 'Understanding Fourth Generation War', antiwar.com, retrieved February 7, 2010
3. ^Echevarria, Antulio J. II (November 2005). Fourth-Generation War and Other Myths(PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. United States Army War College.
4. ^Cynthia D Ritchie, Understanding 5th generation warfare, Tribune (Pakistan), 6 January 2019.
5. ^ ^abDaniel H. Abbott, 2010, The Handbook of Fifth-Generation Warfare.

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